Latest AI Resources

GPT-5 is the latest language model released by OpenAI with several upgrades. It is a unified intelligence system with a built-in real-time router that automatically switches between efficient and deep thinking modes according to the complexity of the problem, realizing fast response and accurate answers.GPT-5 has several versions, including the one for general...

Qwen-Image is an open source image generation base model released by Alibaba Tongyi Qianqian team. With 20 billion parameters, it adopts the Multimodal Diffusion Transformer Architecture (MMDiT), which integrates three modules: multimodal understanding, high-resolution coding and diffusion modeling.Qwen-Image's...

RedOne is a large language model customized for social networks introduced by Little Red Book. The model is trained through a three-stage training strategy that incorporates social and cultural knowledge, strengthens multitasking capabilities, and aligns human preferences.RedOne significantly outperforms the base model in social task performance, in harmful content detection and browsing...

TRAE SOLO is an AI automated development assistant introduced by TRAE, an AI programming assistant launched by ByteDance, to simplify the software development process with AI technology.TRAE SOLO understands the user's needs, supports text descriptions, voice commands, and file uploads to input the requirements, and automatically plans...

MiniMax Speech 2.5 is an advanced speech generation model developed by MiniMax team. It has made significant progress in the field of speech synthesis, especially in multilingual expressiveness, timbre reproduction accuracy and language coverage. The model supports 40 languages...

dots.vlm1 is the first multimodal big model open-sourced by Little Red Book hi lab. Based on NaViT, a 1.2 billion parameter visual encoder trained from scratch, and DeepSeek V3 Large Language Model (LLM), it has powerful visual perception and text inference...

Genie 3 is a next-generation universal world model from Google DeepMind that enables the generation of highly dynamic and coherent virtual worlds in real time.Genie 3 simulates physical phenomena, natural ecosystems, and supports the creation of fantasy and historical scenarios. With text prompts, users can...

Claude Opus 4.1 is a state-of-the-art large-scale language model from Anthropic, designed for efficient processing of complex tasks. The model excels in the programming domain, generating high-quality code, supporting up to 32k of single output, and adapting to a wide range of programming styles...

gpt-oss is a family of open source inference models from OpenAI that enable efficient, flexible, and easy-to-deploy AI solutions for developers. gpt-oss consists of two versions, gpt-oss-120B with 117 billion parameters and support for 8...

MiDashengLM is Xiaomi's open source large model for efficient sound understanding, with specific parameter version MiDashengLM-7B , focusing on audio processing and understanding. The model is based on Xiaomi Dasheng audio encoder and Qwen2.5-Omn...

MOSS-TTSD is an open source spoken dialog speech generation model developed by the Speech and Language Laboratory of Tsinghua University. MOSS-TTSD can convert text dialog scripts into natural, smooth and expressive conversational speech, and supports bilingual generation in English and Chinese.

AudioGen-Omni is a multimodal audio generation model from Racer that generates high-quality audio, speech, and songs based on inputs such as video, text, etc.AudioGen-Omni is based on advanced techniques such as multimodal diffusionTransformer and phase-aligned...

LangExtract is a Google Open Source Python library that uses large language models (LLMs) to extract structured information from unstructured text. With user-defined commands and a handful of examples, it can efficiently identify and organize key details, such as clinical notes from...

FastDeploy is a high-performance reasoning and deployment tool from Baidu, designed for Large Language Models (LLMs) and Visual Language Models (VLMs).FastDeploy is developed based on the Flying Paddle (PaddlePaddle) framework, and supports a variety of hardware platforms...

InteriorGS is a high-quality 3D Gaussian semantic dataset introduced by Qunar Technology. The dataset contains 1,000 3D scenes covering more than 80 indoor environments such as homes, convenience stores, wedding halls and museums. The dataset has more than 554,000 object instances in 755 categories...

DragonV2.1 is an advanced zero-sample text-to-speech (TTS) model from Microsoft. Based on the Transformer architecture, the model supports multi-language and zero-sample speech cloning, and generates natural, expressive speech with only 5-90 seconds of voice prompts.

ScreenCoder is an open source intelligent tool to quickly convert UI design screenshots into high quality HTML/CSS code. Tools based on modular multi-intelligence architecture , combined with visual understanding , layout planning and code synthesis techniques to support the generation of high-precision and semantic front-end ...

Gemini 2.5 Deep Think is an AI reasoning model from Google designed to solve complex tasks. It is a variant of the model that won the gold medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) 2025, and is designed to solve complex tasks through Parallel ...

MindLink is a large model of open source reasoning launched by Kunlun World Wide Web. With adaptive reasoning mechanism , according to the complexity of the task can be flexibly switched inference mode , simple tasks quickly generated , complex tasks in-depth reasoning , taking into account the efficiency and accuracy . Plan-driven reasoning paradigm to remove the "think" label , down ...

Kimi K2 High Speed Edition (kimi-k2-turbo-preview) is a high-performance language model introduced by Kimi, the Dark Side of the Moon. The model is optimized on the basis of Kimi K2, the output speed is greatly increased, and 40 Token per second can be generated...

dots.ocr is a multilingual document parsing model open-sourced by Xiaohongshu hi lab, based on a 1.7 billion-parameter visual language model (VLM), which can efficiently perform document layout detection and content recognition while maintaining a good reading order.

HYPIR is a large model for image restoration introduced by Dong Chao's team at Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The model combines the fractional prior of diffusion modeling with adversarial generative networks to achieve efficient, high-quality image restoration.HYPIR can quickly restore old photos and improve resolution while keeping text clear...

FLUX.1 Krea [dev] is a text-generated graph model from Black Forest Labs and Krea AI. The model is capable of generating high-quality, photorealistic images based on input text descriptions with a unique aesthetic style that avoids traditional A...

Qwen3-Coder-Flash is a high-performance programming model introduced by Ali Tongyi Thousand Questions team, which has excellent agent-based programming and tool invocation capabilities, and is good at handling complex programming tasks. The model supports 256K tokens of long context understanding, and can scale to 1M ...

Wide Research is a powerful feature of the Manus platform designed to handle complex and large-scale tasks. The platform supports hundreds of general-purpose intelligences working simultaneously through system-level parallel processing mechanisms and intelligence collaboration protocols.

Seed Diffusion is an experimental diffusion language model introduced by ByteHop that handles code generation tasks. The model is based on techniques such as two-stage diffusion training, constrained sequential learning, and enhanced efficient parallel decoding, which significantly improves inference speed to 2146 tokens/s, which is faster than...

Xiao Xingxu is the AI emotion comic generation product launched by Jingdong Health, currently in the testing stage, the product is emotionally driven comic story generation as the core function, the user can express emotion or tell a story through voice or text input, the AI generates matching four-panel comics and story interpretation based on the input.

1688 AI version is an intelligent business assistant application launched by Alibaba's 1688 platform, designed for small B buyers and merchants. Based on the massive data of 1688 platform, the application provides business opportunity push, product recommendation, idea generation, enterprise inquiry and other functions to help users accurately grasp the market dynamics, rapid...

Steps Deep Research is an efficient AI research tool launched by Steps Star, which can autonomously complete research on complex issues and generate professional reports in a short period of time. The tool is designed for finance, consulting, healthcare, law and other fields, and excels in industry reviews with its in-depth search and information integration capabilities.

Runway Aleph is an advanced AI video editing model launched by Runway, which is based on simple text commands to quickly add and delete video content, style change, environment adjustment and camera movement optimization. Users can easily remove redundant elements, change scenes without complex operations...

WebShaper is an AI training data synthesis system launched by Alibaba's Tongyi Lab, which is based on formal modeling and intelligence expansion mechanism to generate high-quality and scalable training data to help AI intelligences improve complex information retrieval capabilities. The system introduces the concept of "knowledge projection"...

Skywork UniPic is an open source multimodal pre-training model from KunlunWanwei, with three core capabilities: image understanding, text generation image and image editing. The model is based on an autoregressive architecture, incorporating a MAR encoder and a SigLIP2 backbone, with 1.5B parameter gauge...

ChatGPT Study is an innovative learning model from OpenAI that helps users learn and understand more efficiently.ChatGPT Study guides users to think actively and solve problems step-by-step through Socratic questioning, scaffolded responses, and personalized instruction....

Tongyi Wanphase Wan2.2 is an advanced AI video generation model open-sourced by Alibaba, with 27 billion total references. The model contains three modes of text-generated video, graph-generated video, and unified video generation, which can generate high-quality videos based on text descriptions, images, or a combination of both.

GLM-4.5 is an open source SOTA model from Smart Spectrum, designed for intelligent body applications, incorporating reasoning, code generation and intelligent body capabilities. The model is based on the Mixed Expert (MoE) architecture and contains two versions, GLM-4.5 with 355 billion parameters and 106 billion...

Coze Studio is ByteDance's open source AI Intelligent Body development platform designed for developers to simplify the building, deployment and management of AI applications.Coze Studio provides a one-stop development environment that supports Prompt, RAG, Plugin...

Coze Loop is the open source AI intelligence development and operation and maintenance management platform of Coze Platform under ByteDance. The platform provides developers with full lifecycle management from development, debugging to evaluation and monitoring, covering cue word engineering, Agent effect evaluation, performance monitoring and tuning...

Wuneng is an embodied intelligence platform designed for robots and smart devices. Based on the "Enlightened" world model and multimodal big model technology, Wuneng integrates multi-sensor inputs such as vision, voice, touch, etc., and possesses powerful perception, decision-making and action capabilities.

Intern-S1 is a scientific multimodal grand model launched by Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. The model deeply integrates linguistic and multimodal capabilities, with powerful functions such as cross-modal scientific parsing, linguistic and visual fusion, scientific data processing, scientific question answering, experiment design and optimization.

Hunyuan 3D world model 1.0 (Hunyuan World 1.0) is Tencent's open source industry's first immersive roaming, interactive, simulation world generation model. The model integrates panoramic visual generation and hierarchical 3D reconstruction technology , support for text or image input to quickly generate 36...

Day by Day V6.5 is an advanced multimodal inference macromodel from ShangTech, designed to handle mixed image and text inputs, supporting accurate understanding of image content and generating descriptions or answering questions in combination with text.

Opal is an innovative AI applet generation platform from Google Labs that helps users quickly create and share AI apps without having to write code.Opal makes it easy for users to string together prompts, model calls, and tools into a multi-step process through natural language interactions and visual editing interface...

Qwen-MT is a state-of-the-art Qwen-MT - a machine translation model launched by Ali Tongyi Thousand Questions team, based on the powerful Qwen3 architecture, which supports inter-translation of 92 languages and covers a global population of more than 95%. The model is based on lightweight MoE ...

Agentar-Fin-R1 is a state-of-the-art large language model for the financial domain introduced by Anthem. Developed based on the powerful Qwen3 architecture, the model provides two parameter scale versions, 8B and 32B, and can accurately handle complex financial reasoning tasks, including multi-step analysis, risk assessment and war...

MonkeyCode is an open source, enterprise-grade, native AI programming assistant designed for privacy- and security-conscious development teams.MonkeyCode supports private deployment and offline use to ensure code data security. MonkeyCode supports private deployment and offline use to ensure the security of code data.

Seed LiveInterpret 2.0 is a state-of-the-art simultaneous interpreting model launched by the Seed team of ByteDance, supporting two-way translation between Chinese and English. The model has near real-life translation accuracy and extremely low latency, with an average speech-to-speech delay of only 2-3 seconds, which is much lower than that of...

Excel MCP Server is a Model Context Protocol (MCP)-based server tool for manipulating Excel files without installing Microsoft Excel.Excel MC...

ChatFlow is an open source AI workflow automation tool that supports the transformation of complex requirements into efficient workflows. Tools based on AI technology to help users quickly generate code frameworks, test cases, can assist in writing and designing software architecture.

Mureka V7 is a state-of-the-art AI music generation model launched by Kunlun World Wide. The model is based on MusiCoT technology, which supports planning the overall structure of the music before filling in the details to generate more coherent and artistic music works.

Seed GR-3 is a general-purpose robot model introduced by ByteDance with strong generalization ability to adapt to new environments and complex commands. The model fuses visual, verbal, and motion information, and is based on a three-in-one training method of robot data, VR human trajectory data, and publicly available graphic data to enhance the ability to respond to new objects...

Qwen3-Coder is a state-of-the-art code generation model introduced by Ali Tongyi Qianqian team. The model has 480B parameters and 35B activation parameters, supports native 256K token contexts, and can scale to 1M tokens.The model is based on a hybrid expert architecture...

OpenReasoning-Nemotron is a series of large-scale language models open-sourced by NVIDIA to support processing of reasoning tasks in math, science and code. The models are distilled based on the DeepSeek R1 0528 model with parameter scales of 1.5B...

Seed-X is a multilingual translation model launched by the Seed team of ByteDance, with 7 billion parameters, supporting two-way translation in 28 languages. The model combines multilingual data pre-training, command fine-tuning and reinforcement learning techniques to efficiently handle complex language patterns and make translation quality better...

JoyAgent-JDGenie is Jingdong open source lightweight general multi-intelligence system , no need for secondary development can be used directly.JoyAgent-JDGenie can handle complex tasks , such as generating reports , analyzing data , etc. , supports a variety of delivery formats , such as web pages , PPT ...

Fogsight is an innovative AI animation generation agent that transforms abstract concepts into vivid animations based on large-scale language modeling (LLM). Users input topics and Fogsight generates complete animations with bilingual narration and cinematic visuals.

Goedel-Prover-V2 is an open-source theorem proving model jointly released by leading organizations such as Princeton University, Tsinghua University, and NVIDIA. The model is based on innovative techniques such as hierarchical data synthesis, verifier-guided self-correction, and model averaging to significantly improve the performance of automated formal proofs...

BytePlus is an enterprise-level intelligent service platform launched by BytePlus to provide diversified services overseas. The platform covers powerful functions such as content distribution and acceleration (CDN), personalized recommendation, augmented reality, data processing and analysis, real-time audio and video communication, artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Flying Book Miaohu is an enterprise-level AI native system building platform launched by Flying Book. The platform quickly transforms enterprise business requirements into practical applications through a multi-agent architecture, supporting the whole process from requirements analysis to functional design, application development and problem repair. Users use a dialog to easily build lightweight...

MirageLSD is the world's first real-time streaming diffusion AI video model from the Decart AI team, enabling unlimited real-time video generation with latency as low as 40 milliseconds and smooth output at 24 frames/second.

Kimi Playground is an AI tool-calling experience platform for developers from Dark Side of the Moon.Kimi Playground enables AI to call a variety of tools (e.g., weather lookups, hotel bookings, data analytics, etc.) to accomplish complex tasks, not just...

ChatGPT Agent is a general-purpose AI Agent from OpenAI that combines multiple capabilities to autonomously accomplish complex tasks. Users only need to describe their needs in natural language, and the Agent can automatically select the appropriate tools, such as browsing the web, extracting information, running code...

GLM-Experimental is an experimental large language model launched by Wisdom Spectrum AI, which has been launched on the Z.ai platform. The model has the ability to automatically generate PPTs. After users input topics or key points, the model can quickly generate clearly structured and standardized presentations, which will...

PromptForge is a powerful AI cue engineering workbench that helps users efficiently create, test, and optimize AI cues.PromptForge provides optimization suggestions through intelligent generation features that support multi-model comparisons and dynamic parameter tuning, giving users the flexibility to compare no...

VikingDB is a high-performance cloud-native vector database launched by Volcano Engine, designed for processing massive high-dimensional vector data.VikingDB has a variety of data writing methods, including real-time synchronization, asynchronous writing, etc., to meet the data processing needs of different scenarios.VikingD...

RoboBrain 2.0 is an open source advanced embodied brain model that provides powerful perception, reasoning, and planning capabilities for robots.RoboBrain 2.0 consists of two versions, 7B and 32B, and utilizes a heterogeneous architecture that fuses visual encoders and language models to support...

RoboOS 2.0 is an open-source framework for cross ontology brain collaboration, promoting the transformation of robots from single intelligence to collaborative group intelligence. The framework realizes efficient division of labor with a "big brain" architecture, where the cloud brain is responsible for complex decision-making and collaboration, and the small brain module focuses on executing specific skills.

EXAONE 4.0 is a hybrid reasoning grand model from LG AI Research in Korea, blending general-purpose natural language processing and advanced reasoning capabilities. The model supports Korean, English, and Spanish, and is divided into a 32B professional version and a 1.2B end-side version. The professional version is suitable for legal, accounting...

Tizzy.ai is an AI intelligent search application launched by Baidu.Tizzy.ai is based on Baidu's big model technology, with powerful intelligent search functions, can quickly answer questions, deep thinking and assist in decision-making.Tizzy.ai has a simple interface, no ads and pop-ups, and the bottom of the guide...

Voxtral is a state-of-the-art open source speech model from Mistral AI that supports the advancement of natural human-computer interaction through powerful speech transcription and comprehension capabilities. The model is available in two versions, 24B for mass production and 3B for local deployment.Voxtral supports...

k2 is a MoE architecture base model with superb code and Agent capabilities from Moonshot AI, with 1T total parameters and 32B activation parameters. in benchmark performance tests in the main categories of General Knowledge Reasoning, Programming, Mathematics, and Agent, the k2 model...

Grok 4 is the latest big AI model from xAI, and Grok 4 delivers a 10x improvement in reasoning power over its predecessor. The model's superior reasoning ability enables it to score near perfect on difficult exams such as the SAT and GRE, and outperforms other cutting-edge models in a number of benchmark tests...

GenFlow Super Hitchhiker is a general-purpose AI Agent launched by Baidu Literature Library, which allows users to autonomously disassemble tasks, call up Baidu Literature Library's 1.4 billion document libraries and online resources, and generate PPTs, reports, charts, posters, and other full-modal content in an extremely fast manner by simply typing in the natural language commands.

TRAE Agent is ByteDance's open source intelligent software engineering assistant, built on advanced Large Language Model (LLM).TRAE Agent efficiently handles complex software development tasks, including codebase exploration, issue reproduction, fix formulation, and high-quality code generation, etc....

Higress MCP is an innovative platform launched by Invest Today that supports the rapid transformation of traditional financial data APIs into modern MCP services.Higress MCP enables the transformation of REST APIs to MCP Server based on a simple configuration without the need to program...

CodeBuddy IDE is an AI-driven full-stack development assistant launched by Tencent, based on intelligent means to improve development efficiency.CodeBuddy IDE has a powerful AI code completion function, which supports real-time prediction and automatic completion of code fragments to reduce repetitive labor.C...

Pet TA is an AIGC pet interactive product launched by Jingdong, which can provide a fun and cozy online interactive platform for pet lovers. It supports users to choose a variety of cute clothes and accessories for their pets, personalized dress up, and can create a digital image of their pets for rich interaction with them. The platform provides...

Chat Healing Small Universe is an AI mental companion product launched by Jingdong Health. Launched on the basis of the big medical model of Jingdao Qianxin, Chat Healing Small Universe can simulate the human communication process and empathy, providing users with 7×24 hours of mental health support. Users interact with the AI character Little Fish based on text, emoji, or voice to share emo...

Shortcut is an innovative AI-driven Excel assistance tool. Based on intelligent algorithms, it can quickly complete a variety of complex Excel tasks, including data entry, editing, calculating, and organizing.Shortcut can handle basic operations and support responding to advanced gold...

StarFlow Agent is a one-stop creative design agent designed for Chinese users by Liblib.StarFlow Agent continues Lovart's full-stack intelligent design capabilities, fully adapted to Chinese semantics, oriental aesthetics and local scenarios. Users only need to enter a sentence, Agen...

Step-Audio-AQAA is an end-to-end large-scale audio language model for Audio Query-Audio Answer (AQAA) tasks from the StepFun team. It can directly process audio input to generate natural and accurate speech responses without relying on traditional automatic speech recognition (A...

MuseSteamer is a large model for multimodal video generation launched by Baidu. The model can quickly generate high-quality dynamic video content based on text descriptions or images provided by the user, supporting a variety of clarity and functionality versions to meet the needs of different scenarios of creation.

Painting is an AI video generation platform launched by Baidu, based on AI technology to help users easily create personalized videos. Painting intuitive interface, powerful tools, with inspiration recommendation function, can provide creators with creative inspiration, support a key to the same operation, can quickly generate similar videos, simplify the creative process.

Antelope is an intelligent design tool launched by Jingdong, providing efficient and convenient design solutions for e-commerce merchants and individuals. Through intelligent keying, intelligent layout, intelligent color matching and other functions, it helps users to quickly generate high-quality design works to meet the main picture of the product, advertising Banner, store page and other e-commerce store...

Tencent Advertising Myth is a one-stop AI advertising creative platform launched by Tencent Advertising, based on Tencent's hybrid big model, providing advertisers with efficient and intelligent creative generation and optimization services. It supports a variety of creative tools such as text-to-map, map-to-map, text-to-video, etc. Users only need to enter a simple natural language description or upload material...

Tucoli is an AI image processing tool that focuses on providing efficient and convenient photo and video editing services. Based on advanced artificial intelligence technology, it can quickly realize a variety of functions such as one-click keying, video processing, photo repair and beautification, AI painting and background replacement.

Circle Traveler is AI travel planning app that helps users arrange travel itineraries efficiently and conveniently. Users can quickly enter information such as destination and time to automatically generate a reasonable and personalized itinerary. It supports one-click import of links, text or images from social platforms to quickly generate the same itinerary.

ML-Master is an AI expert intelligences launched by Agents team of Artificial Intelligence School of Shanghai Jiaotong University. It performed well in OpenAI's authoritative benchmark test MLE-bench, topping the list with an average medal rate of 29.3%, surpassing Microsoft's RD-Agent...

Paperpal is an AI aid focused on academic writing, helping researchers, students and professionals to improve the quality and efficiency of their writing. With powerful language touch-up features, it provides grammar checking, spelling correction, and word choice suggestions to ensure accurate and fluent text.

GLM-4.1V-Thinking is an open source visual language model introduced by Smart Spectrum AI, designed for complex cognitive tasks.GLM-4.1V-Thinking supports multimodal inputs, covering images, videos and documents. Based on the GLM-4V architecture, the model introduces a chain of thought...

ThinkSound is the first CoT (Chain Thinking) audio generation model introduced by Ali Tongyi's speech team. The model can generate accurately matched sound effects for video images, based on the introduction of CoT reasoning, to solve the problem of traditional technology is difficult to capture the dynamic details of the screen and spatial relationships.

Mapify is an AI mind map generator tool launched by XMind team. It can quickly convert text, PDF, web pages, video, audio and other formats into structured mind maps, helping users efficiently extract and organize key information.

CodeArts Doer is an AI intelligent development assistant launched by Huawei Cloud to improve development efficiency and software quality through AI technology. CodeArts Doer is based on 6 Agent Intelligences (Team, Project, Product, Developer, Test, and Committer Assistant), covering from the need...

Qwen-TTS is an advanced speech synthesis model introduced by Ali Tongyi. The model can efficiently convert text into natural and smooth speech, supporting multiple languages and dialects, such as Mandarin, English, Beijing dialect, etc., to meet the needs of different regions and scenes. Relying on massive corpus training, the model's speech output is of high quality, rhyming...

MultiAgentPPT is an open source multi-intelligent AI presentation generation system. Users only need to enter the subject , the system is based on multi-intelligent collaboration , automatically complete the outline generation , subject splitting , parallel research and content summarization and other steps to quickly generate high-quality PPT....

Ovis-U1 is a multimodal unified model introduced by the Ovis team of Alibaba Group with a parameter scale of 3 billion. The model is equipped with three core capabilities: multimodal understanding, text-to-image generation, and image editing. With advanced architectural design and collaborative and unified training methods, the model supports the realization of high-fidelity image...

Kangaroo Staff is a merchant-oriented AI intelligent decision-making application launched by Meituan to help merchants solve problems in store opening and operation. Based on Meituan's massive catering data and more than 10 years of online operation experience, through conversational interaction, it provides merchants with precise information on track selection, store opening location, dish development, store operation and other scenarios, such as...

AI Jitterbug is an intelligent deep thinking and search application launched by Jitterbug to provide users with a more efficient and intelligent content acquisition experience. Based on Jitterbug's powerful content ecosystem and AI technology, it provides users with more comprehensive and detailed answers through connected search and reasoning capabilities.

Qwen VLo is a multimodal unified comprehension and generation model introduced by Tongyi Qianqian team. Qwen VLo can "understand" the world and recreate with high quality based on its understanding, realizing the leap from perception to generation. VLo can accurately understand the image content, and on the basis of this, it can carry out consistent and high-quality generation.

AiBiao is AI chart processing tool that helps users efficiently complete data processing and analysis work through natural language interaction. It supports users to query, clean, merge, calculate and analyze data through conversations without complex formulas or codes, which lowers the threshold of data processing.